Early contact was marked by few incidents of conflict between Whites and native partners in the fur trade. Native participation, as fishermen and cannery workers, in the even more rapidly expanding fishing industry grew through the later years of the nineteenth century. In the 1870s, an Anglican missionary assembled his Fort Rupert converts at Alert Bay, where he later established a sawmill to employ natives in the developing timber industry. Through those groups on the north end of Vancouver Island there was direct participation in the early fur trade, but significant economic impact did not begin until the establishment of Fort Rupert ( 1849) -for many decades the economic and ceremonial focus of the Southern Kwakiutl. Early contact with Europeans began for some groups in the 1780s with maritime fur traders, for others, with American, British and Spanish Voyages of exploration in 1792. At least in historic times, territorial acquisition also rose to prominence as the Lekwiltok Kwakiutl drove Comox Salish from the southern reaches of Johnstone Strait. The taking of slaves and other plunder had undoubtedly long characterized relations with neighbors. Relations with all these neighbors were similar to those that obtained among the Southern Kwakiutl groups themselves: a mixture of bellicose raiding and amicable feasting, marriage, and trade. Southern Kwakiutl border the Chickliset Nootka and Comox Salish on Vancouver Island and Homathco and Klahuse Salish and Owikeno Kwakiutl on the mainland. It contained at least three dialects: Koskimo, on the west coast of Vancouver Island centering on Quatsino Inlet Newetee (or Nawitti), on the northern tip of Vancouver Island and Kwakiutl for the balance of the area -predominantly the shores of Queen Charlotte and Johnstone straits and adjoining fjords and channels. Kwakwala, the language of the Southern Kwakiutl, belongs to the North Wakashan division of the Wakashan stock. Approximately 4,000 now live in the area. When Franz Boas's studies began, there were about 2,000 Kwakiutl, and at lowest ebb in 1929, half that number. The Population declined steadily during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Hudson's Bay Company estimates for around 1835 put the population at about 8,575, but by then the numbers had already been reduced by disease. Most Kwakiutl remain in this area today: a few in their traditional winter Villages, more in larger settlements to which small groups have been attracted.ĭemography. Their territory lies between approximately 50 ° to 51 ☃0 ′ N and 125 ° to 127 ° W. Groups covered in this summary are those collectively referred to as the Southern Kwakiutl: occupants of Vancouver Island, the neighboring mainland, and the Numerous intervening islands. By extension, missionaries, government officials, and ethnologists identified all speaking obviously related dialects and languages as "Kwakiutl." The word Kwakiutl is native and variously interpreted as "smoke of the world," "smoke from their fires," and "beach at north side." "Kwakiutl" was initially and properly applied only to one local group, the Walas Kwakiutl of Queen Charlotte Strait, British Columbia, but was subsequently used by fur traders and others to designate the four groups (including the Walas Kwakiutl) that assembled at the Hudson's Bay Company's Fort Rupert in the 1850s. Your browser does not support the audio element.ETHNONYMS: Kwagulth, Kwakiool, Kwawkewlth, Kwawkwakawakw, Southern Kwakiutl Orientation Listen to a recorded reading of this page:.Take a ten question quiz about this page.Today many of the Apache tribes live in reservations in New Mexico and Arizona. They fought with ferocity for decades, but finally had to surrender and were forced into reservations. Several great Apache leaders arose such as Cochise and Geronimo. They were trying to fight back from the aggression and takeover of their land. In the late 1800s the Apache's fought a number of battles against the United States government. The men were responsible for hunting and were the tribal leaders. They would also do crafts, make clothes, and weave baskets. The women Apache were responsible for the home and cooking the food. The chief would be a man who had earned the position by being the strongest and most capable leader. A number of extended families would live near each other in a local group which had a chief as the leader. The extended family was based on the women, meaning that when a man married a woman he would become part of her extended family and leave his own family. Groups of extended family members would live together. The Apache social life was based around the family. They also made pots from clay to hold liquids and other items. The Apache women wove large baskets to store grain and other food.
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